Which of the following earth systems is independent of the carbon cycle?

The carbon cycle is a fundamental aspect of Earth's biogeochemical cycles, influencing various systems. Therefore, the notion that one of the earth systems is entirely independent of the carbon cycle is inaccurate. Each system has some interaction with carbon in different forms, whether it be through the absorption of carbon dioxide in the water system, the dependence of food and agriculture on carbon-based compounds for plant growth, or the role of carbon in various biochemical processes within the nitrogen cycle.

For instance, water systems interact with carbon primarily through the dissolution of carbon dioxide, which can affect the water's pH and the health of aquatic ecosystems. In food and agriculture, plants rely on carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, making their growth closely tied to the carbon cycle. The nitrogen cycle also intersects with carbon as decomposers break down organic carbon compounds, releasing nitrogen and other nutrients essential for plant growth.

Since all these systems either produce, consume, or interact with carbon, it is evident that there are no earth systems that function independently of the carbon cycle. Hence, asserting that none of the listed systems is independent highlights the interconnectedness and complexity of Earth's ecosystems.