Fundamentalisms generally arise in response to what kind of changes in the world?

Fundamentalisms often develop as a reaction to increasing rates of change and complexity in the world. In rapidly changing societies, whether due to technological advancements, globalization, or shifting social norms, individuals and groups can experience feelings of dislocation and uncertainty. These feelings can lead to a back-to-basics approach, where people seek to return to what they perceive as foundational beliefs or values that provide stability and a sense of identity amid the chaos.

As societies become more complex, with diverse influences from various cultures and philosophies, some individuals may feel threatened by this diversity. The rapid pace of change can create a desire for certainty and clarity, prompting certain groups to cling more firmly to strict interpretations of religious or ideological doctrines. This response is often characterized by a need to resist and counteract the perceived moral decay or erosion of traditional values that accompanies rapid transformation, which helps explain the emergence of fundamentalist movements.

Understanding this context highlights how fundamentalism can be seen as an adaptive response to the pressures and challenges posed by a fast-evolving world, allowing groups to reinforce their identities and beliefs in the face of uncertainty.